Discussion and Examples of Expectation States Theory

Conversation and Examples of Expectation States Theory Desire states hypothesis is a way to deal with seeing how individuals assess different people’s skill in little undertaking gatherings and the measure of believability and impact they give them accordingly. Key to the hypothesis is the possibility that we assess individuals dependent on two measures. The principal rule is explicit aptitudes and capacities that are pertinent to the job needing to be done, for example, related knowledge or preparing. The subsequent standard is made out of status attributes, for example, sexual orientation, age, race, instruction, and physical allure, that urge individuals to accept that somebody will be better than others, despite the fact that those qualities assume no job in crafted by the gathering. Review of Expectation States Theory Desire states hypothesis was created by American humanist and social clinician Joseph Berger, alongside his partners, in the mid 1970s. In light of social mental trials, Berger and his partners originally distributed a paper on the point in 1972 in the American Sociological Review, named Status Characteristics and Social Interaction. Their hypothesis offers a clarification for why social chains of importance develop in little, task-arranged gatherings. As per the hypothesis, both known data and verifiable suppositions dependent on specific qualities lead to an individual building up an evaluation of anothers capacities, abilities, and worth. At the point when this blend is great, we will have a positive perspective on their capacity to add to the job that needs to be done. At the point when the mix is not exactly great or poor, we will have a negative perspective on their capacity to contribute. Inside a gathering setting, this outcomes in a chain of command framing where some are viewed as more significant and significant than others. The sequential an individual is on the progression, the sequential their degree of regard and impact inside the gathering will be. Berger and his partners hypothesized that while an evaluation of applicable experience and mastery is a piece of this procedure, at long last, the arrangement of an order inside the gathering is most firmly impacted by the impact of expressive gestures on the suppositions that we make about others. The suspicions we make about individuals - particularly who we dont know quite well or with whom we have constrained understanding - are to a great extent dependent on meaningful gestures that are regularly guided by generalizations of race, sexual orientation, age, class, and looks. Since this occurs, individuals who are as of now special in the public arena as far as economic wellbeing wind up being well surveyed inside little gatherings, and the individuals who experience burdens because of these attributes will be contrarily evaluated. Obviously, its viewable signals that shape this procedure, yet in addition how we comport ourselves, talk, and communicate with others. As such, what sociologists call social capital makes some show up progressively significant and others less so. Why Expectation States Theory Matters Humanist Cecilia Ridgeway has brought up in a paper named Why Status Matters for Inequalityâ that as these patterns sustain after some time, they lead to specific gatherings havingâ more impact and force than others. This makes individuals from higher status bunches seem, by all accounts, to be correct and deserving of trust, which empowers those in lower status gatherings and individuals when all is said in done to confide in them and to oblige their method of getting things done. This means economic wellbeing pecking orders, and the disparities of race, class, sexual orientation, age, and others that accompany them, are encouraged and sustained by what occurs in little gathering associations. This hypothesis appears to tolerate out in the riches and pay incongruities between white individuals and ethnic minorities, and among people, and would appear to associate with the two ladies and non-white individuals detailing that they are as often as possible assumed awkward or dared to involve places of business and status lower than they really do. Refreshed by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

External Analysis on Noble Energy INC Case Study

Outside Analysis on Noble Energy INC - Case Study Example An association is legitimately affected by the events of the outside condition in which the association capacities. Also, the outer condition gives the driving force and worldview that shapes the capacity of an organization. Various reports and perception of the prominent researchers mirrored that association being able to modify itself to the outside condition, basically makes due in the commercial center. Despite what might be expected, organizations that neglect to coordinate with the outer necessities get wiped out from the opposition and the business. Along these lines, from the above conversation clearly an organization should do top to bottom examination of the outer business condition to upgrade the odds of thriving. Legitimate investigation won't just assistance in better understanding and defining proper procedures, yet will likewise guarantee improved efficiency and better execution of the organization (Williams and Cutis 4-8). This investigation will examine the outer bus iness condition of Noble Energy INC, which is a US based organization engaged with assembling and circulation of oil and petroleum gas. The outer investigation of the organization will incorporate an outline of the general condition. Segment section, financial portion, political/lawful fragment, socio-social section, innovative fragment just as the worldwide section will be featured. Notwithstanding the investigation of the outer business condition, the examination will likewise reveal insight into the business main impetuses. The following portion of the investigation will do the exercises referenced previously. In any case, before getting further profound into the investigation, a concise review of the organization is introduced underneath: - Noble Energy INC: A Brief Overview Noble Energy, Inc. otherwise called Noble Affiliates Inc. is a Houston based oil and gaseous petrol creation and investigation Company. The organization was established in the year 1932 and is as of now head quartered in Houston, Texas, United States. During the year 1985, the Noble Affiliates spun off the auxiliary Noble Drilling Corporation to the investors. This organization thusly opened up to the world in the mid 1990s. From that point Noble Energy, Inc. got one of the significant brands of as Noble Affiliates and clients began to perceive this organization for the sake of Noble Energy Inc. It is presently a S&P 500 organization of the world. During this range of 80 years in the market, the organization has had the option to make huge progress and added a few plumes to its top. Honorable Energy is likewise the main organization to have investigated the Gulf of Mexico with the end goal of oil investigation. Also, it delighted in such a great amount of intensity during a stage that it helped in molding the business just as formed its own future. Charles D. Davidson is the present administrator of the organization and furthermore goes about as the CEO and leader of the firm. Accor ding to the perspectives on the partners and clients, the organization is most popular for the capability in investigation, adaptability, development and specialized skill. Besides, the solid budgetary stage and an even portfolio offer flourishing open doors over the item cost and financial cycles. Aside from USA, the organization works in a few different pieces of the world too. For instance, in South America it works in Nicaragua and Argentina; in Africa, it works in Cameroon and

World Cup Challenge Results

World Cup Challenge Results The World Cup Challenge was a lot of fun! No one got a perfect score, but on the whole, people did pretty well. Below are the results, with the name of the country in each group from which MIT received the most freshman applications this past year in bold. Group A: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Germany, Poland Group B: England, Paraguay, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago Group C: Argentina, Cote dIvoire, Netherlands, Serbia and Montenegro Group D: Angola, Iran, Mexico, Portugal Group E: Czech Republic, Ghana, Italy, USA* Group F: Australia, Brazil, Croatia, Japan Group G: France, South Korea, Switzerland, Togo Group H: Saudi Arabia, Spain, Tunisia, Ukraine Congratulations to Star, errhode, SMer, Jared, and Jules, who all tied for the most correct, with 6. The mode was, I believe, 5, with most people clustered in the 3-5 correct range. If the group winners faced off against each other based on most applications submitted, South Korea would defeat Mexico in the World Cup Challenge final. Overall this year, we received nearly 2500 applications from abroad from more than 100 countries. More statistics about this years admissions coming soon!

Weighing the Controversy and Good of Stem Cells - 1182 Words

Stem cells can become many different cell types. There are three main types; totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. They have already have been successful in treating some diseases and have the potential to cure many other diseases. Stem cells have also been very useful in drug testing. However they have caused a lot of controversy, but some technology has helped settle this controversy. Cells must be specialized, differentiated and unmistakable so they can create the human body. The cells need to create red and white blood cells, neurons, bone, hair, muscle, skin, teeth and specialized organs. Within almost every cell in the body contains a complete set of genes to assemble and maintain a human. To become more specialized the cell will turn off unneeded genes. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become almost any cell in the human body, during the early developments of life. Stem cells have the possibility to generate all of tissues within a human as well. Each stem cell can either stay a stem cell or become a more specialized cell. The stem cells that are unspecialized are capable of renewing themselves or possibly being induced to become organ specific cells or tissue cells with special functions. Most stem cells have a constant supply to replace other cells that are injured, diseased, or even aged. A totipotent cell occurs when an egg and a sperm unite to create a one celled fertilized egg called a zygote. This cell is undifferentiated because they areShow MoreRelated Embryonic Wars Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of the debate while gauging the particular stumbling blocks of disagreement which bioethicists have arrived at. The topical aspects of therapeutic cloning will be closely studied by weighing the pros and cons and gaining a greater understanding of the present scenario. Formally speaking, embryonic cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will all have the sameRead MoreEssay on A Look at Gene Therapy1264 Words   |  6 PagesWould you consider altering your DNA if it could save your life? Scientist have been working on gene therapy since the 1970s, this biotechnological form of medicine is the attempt to medically modify cells to help eliminate or prevent diseases by correcting defective genes. Imagine the possibilities of having your DNA tested for heritable diseases and being able to eliminate such diseases from your future. From 1990-2003 the Department of Energy coordinated a project called the Human Genome ProjectRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Field Of Science And Medicine2460 Words   |  10 Pagesissues such as the use of stem cells and genetic engineering practices like cloning. The advancement of technology in the field of science and medicine has allowed scientists to carry out new procedures like the ones listed above, rather than wonder if they are even possible. But scientific progress doesn’t come about without a little debate over whether or not this new technology is being used in an ethical manner. For example, many people are opposed to the use of stem cells from an aborted fetus becauseRead More Frankenfoods Essay2563 Words   |  11 Pagesmodification was first used at a very basic level, today it involves implantation of DNA from one organism to another. The basis for genetic modification occurred in the 1970s when the technology to isolate individual genes and alter and copy them in cells was developed. In 1994, the first genetically modified crop, the Flavr Savr Tomato, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for sale and consumption 1. Since then the GMOs have taken over the agriculture industry with over 22 percent (or roughlyRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pageswith the potential to help starving nations, combat disease and create economic growth; however the research and true benefits to humans in general is underdeveloped and under-regulated. This uncertainty leads to controversy, possible environmental impacts and health concerns. An idea good in concept, Genetically Modified Organisms creates a topic of discussion and the necessity for further research and study. This report begins with a description of this technology and the science it is derivedRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesis currently working on a book in applied mathematical statistics. He is the recipient of a distinguished teaching award from Cal Poly and is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In his spare time, he enjoys reading, cooking and eating good food, tennis, and travel to faraway places. He is especially proud of his wife, Carol, a retired elementary school teacher, his daughter Allison, who works for the Center for Women and Excellence in Boston, and his daughter Teri, who is ï ¬ nishing aRead MoreEffects and Implications of Coalition Governments on the Political Scnerio in India16277 Words   |  66 Pagesthe effects that certain cabinet characteristics have on foreign policy. In particular, we examine the effects of coalition strength, the number of parties in the coalition, and the ideologica l placement of coalition parties. These characteristics stem from different institutional and political situations that coalitions face, but are also connected to long-standing psychological explanations of group decision making. Our study is a quantitative analysis using published data on the characteristicsRead MoreGeneral Electric60506 Words   |  243 Pagesits business model. The chapter proceeds forward with a look at what makes strategy a winner and then presents reasons for why crafting and executing strategy are important. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the equation: good strategy + good strategy execution = good management. Lecture Outline I. Introduction 1. Managers at all companies face three central questions in thinking strategically about their company’s present circumstances and prospects: Where are we now? —concernsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesreasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii CopyrightRead MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 PagesChapman University of Guelph, 2005 Advisor: Professor Douglas A. Powell Fresh fruits and vegetables have been increasingly linked to cases of foodborne illness. Many produce farmers have implemented on-farm food safety strategies, employing good agricultural practices focusing on water, handling and sanitation to reduce risk. An illustrative case study to examine implementation trends was developed through the examination of current on-farm food safety issues and programs, with specific focus

The Changing Definition of African-American History

Since the origins of the field in the late 19th century, scholars have devised more than one definition of what constitutes African-American history. Some intellectuals have viewed the field as an extension or corollary to American history. Some have stressed the influence of Africa on African-American history, and others have viewed African-American history as vital to black liberation and power. Late 19th Century Definition An Ohio lawyer and minister, George Washington Williams, published the first serious work of African-American history in 1882. His work, History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, began with the arrival of the first slaves in the North American colonies and concentrated on the major events in American history that involved or affected African-Americans. Washington, in his Note to volume two of his opus, said that he intended to lift the Negro race to its pedestal in American history as well as to instruct the present, inform the future. During this period of history, most African Americans, like Frederick Douglass, stressed their identities as Americans and did not look to Africa as a source of history and culture, according to historian Nell Irvin Painter. This was true of historians like Washington as well, but during the early decades of the 20th century and especially during the Harlem Renaissance, African-Americans, including historians, began to celebrate Africas history as their own. The Harlem Renaissance, or The New Negro Movement W.E.B. Du Bois was the foremost African-American historian during this period. In works like The Souls of Black Folk, he stressed African-American history as the confluence of three different cultures: African, American and African-American. Du Bois historical works, such as The Negro (1915), framed the history of black Americans as starting in Africa. One of Du Boiss contemporaries, historian Carter G. Woodson, created the forerunner of todays Black History Month--Negro History Week--in 1926. While Woodson felt that Negro History Week should emphasize the influence black Americans had on U.S. history, he too in his historical works looked back to Africa. William Leo Hansberry, a  professor at Howard University from 1922 to 1959, developed this trend even further by describing African-American history as the experience of the African diaspora. During the Harlem Renaissance, artists, poets, novelists, and musicians also looked toward Africa as a source of history and culture. Artist Aaron Douglas, for instance,  regularly used African themes in his paintings and murals. Black Liberation and African-American History In the 1960s and 1970s, activists and intellectuals, like Malcolm X, saw African-American history as an essential component of black liberation and power. In a 1962 speech, Malcolm explained: The thing that has made the so-called Negro in America fail, more than any other thing, is your, my, lack of knowledge concerning history. We know less about history than anything else. As Pero Dagbovie argues in African American History Reconsidered, many black intellectuals and scholars, such as Harold Cruse, Sterling Stuckey, and Vincent Harding, agreed with Malcolm that African-Americans needed to understand their past in order to seize the future. Contemporary Era White academia finally accepted African-American history as a legitimate field in the 1960s. During that decade, many universities and colleges began to offer classes and programs in African-American studies and history. The field exploded, and American history textbooks began to incorporate African-American history (as well as womens and Native American history) into their standard narratives. As a sign of the increasing visibility and importance of the field of African-American history, President Gerald Ford declared February to be Black History Month in 1974. Since then, both black and white historians have built on the work of earlier African-American historians, exploring the influence of Africa on the lives of African-Americans, creating the field of black womens history and revealing the myriad ways in which the story of the United States is the story of race relations. History has expanded to include the working class, women, Native Americans and Hispanic Americans in addition to the experiences of African-Americans. Black  history, as practiced today, is interconnected with all of these other sub-fields in U.S. history. Many of todays historians would probably agree with Du Bois inclusive definition of African-American history as the interaction among African, American and African-American peoples and cultures. Sources Dagbovie, Pero. African American History Reconsidered. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2010.Painter, Nell Irvin. Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1883.  X, Malcolm. Black Mans History. 1962 speech.

Scientific Method and Scientist Perspective View Free Essays

Science is a venture that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanation and prediction about what are the things that is happening in the world. A closely related meaning of this is Aristotle’s scientific view, which is scientific knowledge is a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. Objectivity in the field of science is recognized with the property of scientific measurement that can be tested from the scientist who proposes them freely. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method and Scientist Perspective View or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, it is strongly connected to the aim of testability and reproducibility. To be identified as an objective, the results of measurement must be passed on from person to person and then to be verified for third parties, to be able to understand by the objective world. In my opinion, I believe science is objective because as a scientist perspective view all explanation and prediction must be precise and accurate. And I believe scientist don’t just believe on people’s perspective view. One example of this is when religious people believed that God created everything usually scientist will not believe it without any explanation so they tend to research things that will lead them to their findings. Like the creation of human they believe that human were first apes but due to the environmental changes, this apes tend to adapt to the environment and slowly evolve in to humans. There are a lot of things that affect the objectivity of science. First, the selection of the specific object to measure is typically a subjective decision and it often involves reductionism. One example of this is in an experiment when a scientist is determining a specific finding usually he determines his finding by using subjective interpretation of quantifying terms such as â€Å"cold†, â€Å"hot†, â€Å"blue†, â€Å"tiny†, â€Å"huge†, and â€Å"small†, â€Å"large†, â€Å"gigantic†, â€Å"red†, and some other adjectives that could describe their experiment. Second is the selection of instruments and measurement methodology. Some features or qualities of the object under study will be ignored in the measurement process, and the limitations of the chosen instruments will cause data to be left out of consideration. One example of this is when a scientist wants to know the temperature of the area. He can either use the thermometer to measure directly the temperature or use the barometer to know the humidity of the air and determine the temperature. These two devices can give two different results which can result to a skewed decision. In addition absolute limits of objectivity surrounding the measurement process, can give community of researchers certain â€Å"subjective views†, and this subjectivity is therefore built in to the conceptual systems. In my opinion, we can do a lot of things to improve the objectivity of science. We can avoid the variety of subjective interpretation by using measuring tools like measuring tools like meter stick, stopwatches, thermometer, barometer, electromechanical measuring instruments like the spectrometers, voltmeters, timers, oscilloscopes and gravimeters. These devices eliminate the perspective variability of individual observers. An additional objectivity of science we can also develop the avoiding of such partiality like the cognitive bias, which is an outline of variation in judgment that happens in particular situations, cultural bias, which is the occurrence of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards innate to one’s own culture and sampling bias, is an error that causes some members of the population to not be included than others by doing random sampling and double-bind trials Random sampling is taking a number of independent observations from the same probability distribution, without involving any real population while in the other hand double-bind trials is an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment. How to cite Scientific Method and Scientist Perspective View, Essay examples

History Of Art Essay Example For Students

History Of Art Essay The body has been used as a sign or symbol in art for centuries. The body was used to symbolize perfection in ancient Greece, and in Egypt, to give a precise image for the God of the After-life. Not to mention their colossal monuments which promote power and glory, and are used to intimidate. However contemporary artists use the body as a symbol which conveys a whole range of different kinds of layered meaning, although the simple symbol of power has not been lost over the centuries. Ancient Greek sculptures of the body are a medium between man and the gods, they are an ideal of physical perfection. The female figure of c. 650-625 B. C. fig. 123 and a nude male youth of c. 600 B. C. fig. 124 are perfect examples of the use of symbols to convey meaning. These statues, Kore maiden and Kouros youth were produced in large numbers, all being virtually the same in outline. Their general names emphasised the need for the statues to remain unidentified and the lack of personal character. Some were placed on graves only to be viewed as representations of the deceased in the broadest sense completely impersonal. And some were used as offerings, for example: for a favoured person like the victor in an athletic competition. The strange lack of differentiation seems to be part of the character of these figures. They are neither gods nor men, but rather somewhere in between, a symbol of physical perfection, an ideal shared by not only humans but also immortals, the gods. Moreover, statues of the body in Ancient Greek art were also used to capture the image of the gods themselves. Nine of Samothrace fig. 181has a dramatic impact on the viewer. It is the image of the goddess descending upon the prow of a ship. The beauty of the shapes that the body creates, glorifies and beautifies the goddess. It is a symbol of the power and immortality of the gods and the sole purpose of the artist is to convey this beauty and power to the people of Ancient Greece. Ancient Egypt is also another place in which the body was used as a symbol or sign. Colossal monuments such as The Great Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel was a symbol of great power and wealth, as only pharaohs were able to create these monuments. Size was everything to the Egyptian pharaohs, it was the primary key to emphasise and increase their power and worshipers. The wonderful inscriptions and hieroglyphs found on temple walls were of great importance. The use of the body in the relief work on the temple walls were used to convey a perfect image of the deceased to the God of the After life. The detail and intricacy of the body was to insure that they could be recreated to perfection in their life after death. Contemporary works that use the body as a sign or symbol, are found in abundance. Works as simple as a portrait can have a great impact on people. Portraits such as that of Hitler, during World War, I had enormous effects on the people of the Jewish religion. To have these huge portraits of Hitlers face all over the country insured his control and power over the turn of events and the Jews. Victims by Jose Clemente Orozco is of the Symbolist art movement. The name of this movement is indicative of the precise purpose of the artists of that time. Orozco had a deep humanitarian sympathy with silent suffering masses and in Victims he illustrates his powerful trait. The bony bodies of the unidentified people in Victims is a symbol of the problems that were afoot in the world in 1936. Vast numbers of people were starving, suffering and dying. Gertude Stein And The Art Of Cubism EssayOrozco used the bodies in his artworks as a symbol of this suffering and successfully draws the focus and the emotions of the viewer. Thus, the artwork has fulfilled its primary purpose. The use of the body in Les Demoiselles d Avignon by Pablo Picasso symbolizes the change of the way we view art and the body in art. Picasso introduced Cubism to the world. His brave abandonment of the Blue Period for a different and more robust style is seen and conveyed through his art. When Picasso started this picture, it was supposed to be a temptation scene in a brothel. However, he ended up with five nudes and a still life. This artwork was Picassos own counterpart to Matisses The Joy of Life , and the nudes in his work have a savage aggressiveness compared with Matisses generalized figures. This distinct difference could be considered as a sign of Picassos growing distance from the style of art in that particular time. His urge to breakaway from convention and conformity can be seen through the signs he posts through his artworks and also through the use of the body in art. Consequently, throughout the history of art, the body has frequently been used as a sign or symbol as a metaphor or to convey meaning. In the times long before Christ the body was used in art to show power and wealth, like the Egyptians, and also to create a perfect image, as it was for the Greeks. In the 20th century, the body as a sign or symbol may be interpreted differently by each viewer. However, there is always an underlying purpose and meaning to the works of contemporary artists, how ever layered it may be. Overall, we can never escape the fact that the body as a symbol will be used in art to come, as it has before, and that it has a concrete prestige in the world of art.

Impaired Nurses Working After a Treatment Program free essay sample

Impaired Nurses Working After a Treatment Program The nursing profession has an honorable position in society (Harris Poll, 2005). Nurses are responsible for the lives and health of others, to which they provide intimate care. However, nurses are not immune to the disorders that affect their patients. As a result, some are unable to practice due to some type of impairment, which is defined as a situation in which an individual is rendered unable to perform their professional duties and responsibilities in a reasonable manner because of a variety of health problems, including physical disease, psychiatric problems, substance abuse, and chemical dependence (Lectric Law Library, 2010). In fact, the American Journal of Nursing(2010) estimates that 3-6 % of registered nurses are impaired at work on any given day. These impairments not only put their patients at risk, but they also threaten their own health, and jeopardize their careers as well as their nursing licenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Impaired Nurses Working After a Treatment Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The American Nurses Association’s position on this issue is based on the ethical principle in its Code of Ethics for Nurses: Provision 3-The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient (ANA, 2001). Nurses who are challenged with any type of impairment not only pose a potential threat to those they care about, but have neglected, above all, to care for themselves. There is no question to these actions being wrong and for the need of immediate intervention to the same. The dilemma is if impaired nurses should keep practicing after completing a treatment program; this issue is controversial due to nurses being responsible for the lives of others, there are pros and cons that must be understood before making any judgments. To illustrate, there are six nurses in the surgical unit, three of which are experiencing some type of impairment. Marc has been an RN for over 25 years, last year he hurt his back, but never followed up  on medical care. At times he has a difficult time getting out of bed and up from a chair. On the job, Marc struggles to assist his patients so he is always asking for help, he prefers not to work overtime, and he barely makes it through the 12-hour shifts. He cannot afford to lose his job because he pays for his son’s college tuition. At work his co-workers are getting annoyed by his constant behavior and are starting to complain to the supervisor. Nurse Sarah was a new graduate and was feeling stressed all the time. She was trying to adjust to the new environment and the responsibilities of being a nurse. One day, she had a XANAX pill from a patient that refused to take it. She was going through a lot that day, so she took the pill. It made her feel much better. From then on, she would steal medication from her patients whenever possible. Most of her patients complain of pain within minutes of being â€Å"medicated†. Finally, Nurse Jackie got divorced a couple of months ago. She felt depressed most of the time, she was constantly late to work, making mistakes often, and her appearance was not appropriate for the health care setting. Her supervisor talked to her about the situation, and Jackie agreed to get help. She completed a treatment program last month and was able to spare her license and her job. She has more energy and is one of the best nurses in the unit. These three scenarios are examples of the reality that thousands of nurses experience on a daily basis. It is estimated that one out of five to seven nurses (Indiana State Nurses Association, 2007) suffer from some type of impairment. The ANA has adopted a resolution that seeks ways to assist impaired nurses to recover and reclaim their careers. This is the reason why the ANA supports â€Å"alternative to discipline† and â€Å"peer assistance programs† offered by most states, including the state of Texas. It is called the Texas Peer Assistance Program (TPAP), â€Å"it offers comprehensive monitoring and support services to reasonably assure the safe rehabilitation and return of the nurse to her or his professional community† (ANA, 2002). In addition to the ANA ethical principles, the Americans with Disabilities Act (1996) protects qualified individuals against discrimination in job application procedures, hiring, advancement, discharge, compensation, training, and other aspects of employment. Mental illnesses and serious physical impairments, including chemical dependence, are likely to be covered under this law. However, the ADA does not protect a nurse who is  unable to perform the essential functions of the job because of the specific disability and does not offer protection from illegal drug use (ADA, 2000). According to the last survey by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 37 states have some type of program to assist impaired nurses into treatment and rehab, monitor their return to work, and spare their licenses (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 2010). The first reason given is that a punitive system creates barriers to reporting and keeps impaired nurses from getting help. Nurse colleagues or co-workers may hesitate to report something that could cost the nurse her job and license, which creates an unsafe environment for the patients and for the impaired nurse. The states that have a treatment program have a higher number of impairment reports, including voluntary ones and the ability to work during treatment is an important incentive to keep participants compliant (NCSBN, 2010). Another reason is that most of these nurses are â€Å"apt nurses†. They possess the appropriate skills and knowledge to care for the patients. The health care industry is experiencing a nursing shortage, and getting rid of these qualified nurses will make this situation worse. People that support this issue believe that there is a solution that can be done, where both affected sides benefit, i.e., the patients are taken care of appropriately, and the impaired nurses get help and keep their jobs and licenses. Some job modifications have to be made in order for the work environment to be conducive to recovery, but the end result is productive for the public and the facilities (Winokur, 1992). In addition, this provides a safer environment for the patients because the impaired nurse is being treated, instead of getting fired and working somewhere else, where she/he continues practicing while under the impairment (Corinth, 1997). This reduces the risk for patients, and eligibility requirements serve as a public safety net. An impaired nurse is usually not allowed to work for multiple employers, to be self-employed, to do agency nursing, to take on private-duty assignments for a nursing registry, to work in home health, or to be floated to other units (NCSBN, 2010). This is an advantage for the public because the impaired nurse will be under supervision to prevent a relapse, to which many programs have a zero tolerance. In most cases they are only given a one time opportunity to recover. On the other hand, the people against this issue state that it is too much of a hazard for the  patients. The way they see it is that regardless of the nurse completing the treatment progr am, she is still at risk of relapsing. They do not believe that a previous impaired nurse should be allowed to handle the care of patients. The argument is simple, â€Å"they had a duty to the patient, and they chose to break that duty† (Rogers, 1970. By giving them another opportunity, they are providing the impaired nurses with another chance to do harm, and an innocent life could be lost. They want the public to have a safe environment during hospitalization. They are not willing to take any chances because it is not safe for the patients and it is unfair for the rest of the employees (Dunn, 2005). Consequently, giving an impaired nurse the opportunity to work after the treatment will put a strain on the co-workers. The affected nurse will have many restrictions to her usual activities, which in return will require the assistance of others (Hendrix, 1997). A basic task such as administering medications has to be supervised or monitored. The other nurses have their own patients, and these types of activities will only increase their workload. A nurse that suffers from a physical impairment will need to have adjustments to their daily routines. This will mean that others have to either help the nurse or finish the assignments for the nurse. Regardless of the type of impairment, once the nurse comes back to work, changes have to be made to promote a safety environment, and others around the affected nurse would also have to adjust and work with these changes (Dunn, 2005). The final opposing argument is that by allowing recovering impaired nurses to work, it creates a major impact on the economy (Daniel, 1994). Participation in the monitoring program itself is usually free, or at minimal cost to the nurse, which means the hospital or private insurance has to pay for it (American Journal of Nursing, 2009). People against this issue argue that it should be the nurse’s responsibility to pay for the treatment and whatever costs that come with it. When the nurse is allowed back to the job, other extra accommodations have t o be implemented to monitor the nurse. This entails the facility to provide for overtime of other nurses due to the restrictions of the affected nurse. This creates a decline in productivity and lack of effort on the impaired nurse and the rest of the staff. Ultimately, the facility and tax payers suffer the consequences of having to pay for these treatment programs (Berens, 2000). In conclusion, this issue is extremely  controversial due to nurse’s duty and responsibility to care for their patients. Nurses are expected to provide appropriate care and a safe environment to the public. When an impaired nurse is in charge of these tasks, it violates the basic philosophy in which nursing stands. Patients deserve to receive adequate care from a competent nurse; there is no doubt about this. It is the nurse’s responsibility to comply with the patient’s needs; therefore, when an impaired nurse chooses to provide care for another person, this nurse is jeopardizing the safety of the patient. If the nurse has the option to get treatment, while maintaining the job, this nurse will be more than likely to voluntarily ente r a treatment program. In fact, other co-workers that become aware of the impairment will be more willing to report the nurse as long as they know they will not cause her/him to lose the job. Consequently, the impaired nurse will be removed from the care of the patients until she is stable. If the nurse needs special accommodations to keep working, these will be provided and this will enhance not only the nurse’s performance, but the care of the patient. Imagine, if the nurse knows that she will lose her/his job, she will deny having a problem, and the only option for the employer until this resolves will be to fire the nurse. What is the nurse going to do? Find another job, and put others at risk? In the meantime, the litigation is in process, and not only is the facility losing more money than if the nurse was under treatment, now they are short one more person. This will increase the nursing shortage, and others nurses will be working over-time, which will cost more money to the facility. If the nurse maintains the job, and is willing to get help, most of the co-workers will be glad to help the nurse with the recovery. Regardless of the special accommodations being made, the bottom line is that most of these nurses are competent and knowledgeable; they just need help to overcome their problem. Nursing is based on caring for others. How can we not care for our own? Nurses are just as humans as the rest of us, capable of making mistakes and not immune to mental and physical illnesses, that require the same care and treatment of the patients they care for. If the nurse admits to the problem and has finished a treatment program, this nurse deserves to get a second chance because this experience will allow her/him  to show compassion to the patients, and these will be the ones to benefit the most. Impaired nurses are in need of care and compas sion. This is what nursing is all about†¦helping those in need.

Competitive Improv Theater Games for Improv Actors

Competitive Improv Theater Games for Improv Actors Most improvisational activities are guided by a very loose format. Actors might be given a location or a situation in which to create a scene. For the  most part, they have the freedom to make up their own characters, dialogue, and actions. Improv comedy groups play each scene in hopes of generating laughter. More serious acting troupes create realistic improvisational scenes. There are, however, many challenging improv games that are competitive in nature. They are judged usually by a moderator, host, or even the audience. These types of games generally put a lot of restrictions on the performers, resulting in a great deal of fun for the viewers. Some of the most entertaining competitive improvisation games are: The Question GameAlphabetWorld’s Worst Remember: Although these games are competitive by design, they are meant to be performed in the spirit of comedy and camaraderie. The Question Game In Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, the two bumbling protagonists wander through Hamlet’s rotten Denmark, amusing themselves with a combative â€Å"question game.† It’s a sort of verbal tennis match. Stoppard’s clever play demonstrates the basic idea of the Question Game: create a scene in which two characters speak only in questions. How to Play:  Ask the audience for a location. Once the setting is established, the two actors begin the scene. They must speak only in questions. (Normally one question at a time.) No sentences ending with a period – no fragments – just questions. Example: LOCATION: A popular theme park.Tourist: How do I get to the water ride?Ride Operator: First time at Disneyland?Tourist: How can you tell?Ride Operator: Which ride did you want?Tourist: Which one makes the biggest splash?Ride Operator: Are you ready to get soaking wet?Tourist: Why else would I be wearing this raincoat?Ride Operator: Do you see that big ugly mountain down yonder?Tourist: Which one? And so it continues. It might sound easy, but continually coming up with questions that progress the scene is quite challenging for most performers. If the actor says something that is not a question, or if they continually repeat questions (â€Å"What did you say?† â€Å"What did you say again?†), then the audience is encouraged to make a â€Å"buzzer† sound effect. The â€Å"loser† who failed to properly respond sits down. A new actor joins the competition. They can continue using the same location/situation or a new setting can be established. Alphabet This game is ideal for performers with a knack for alphabetization. The actors create a scene in which each line of dialogue begins with a certain letter of the alphabet. Traditionally, the game starts off with an â€Å"A† line. Example: Actor #1: All right, our first annual comic book club meeting is called to order.Actor #2: But I’m the only one wearing a costume.Actor #1: Cool.Actor #2: Does it make me look fat?Actor #1: Excuse me, but what’s the name of your character?Actor #2: Fat man.Actor #1: Good, then it suits you. And it continues all the way through the alphabet. If both actors make it to the end, then it’s usually considered a tie. However, if one of the actors flubs up, the audience members make their judgmental â€Å"buzzer† sound, and the actor at fault leaves the stage to be replaced by a new challenger. Normally, the audience supplies the location or the relationship of the characters. If you tire of always beginning with the letter â€Å"A† the audience can randomly select a letter for the performers to begin with. So, if they receive the letter â€Å"R† they would work their way through â€Å"Z,† go to â€Å"A† and end with â€Å"Q.† Ugh, it’s starting to sound like algebra! World’s Worst This is less an improv exercise and more of an â€Å"instant punch-line† game. Although it’s been around a long time, â€Å"World’s Worst† was made popular by the hit show, Whose Line Is It Anyway? In this version, 4 to 8 actors stand in a line facing the audience. A moderator gives random locations or situations. The performers come up with the world’s most inappropriate (and incredibly humorous) thing to say. Here are some examples from Whose Line Is It Anyway: World’s Worst thing to say on your first day in prison: Who here loves to crochet?World’s Worst thing to say on a romantic date: Let’s see. You had the Big Mac. That’s two dollars you owe me.World’s Worst thing to say at a Major Award Ceremony: Thank you. As I accept this major award, I’d like to thank everyone I’ve ever met. Jim. Sarah. Bob. Shirley. Tom, etc. If the audience responds positively, then the moderator can give the performer a point. If the joke generates boos or groans, then the moderator may want to good-naturedly take points away. Note: Veteran improv performers know that these activities are meant to entertain. There aren’t really winners or losers. The whole purpose is to have fun, make the audience laugh, and sharpen your improve skills. However, young performers might not understand this. If you are a drama teacher or a youth theater director, consider the maturity level of your actors before trying these activities.

Security in Aviation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security in Aviation - Assignment Example Unattended baggage is watched over by the passenger support officers and they also take care of passenger mis-board to ensure they get to their correct flights. Security inspectors are in charge of taking care of the restricted items. The airport’s security operations officers working together with the intelligence services take charge in case of a bomb threat or any hijacking of the aircraft. Traffic operations officers are in charge of the parking and ensure there is easy flow of vehicles in and out of the airport. Ground handling officers check the passenger and staff ID’s before allowing them access to the airport or into an aircraft. Inappropriate answers to officers are handled by the supervisor in charge. Maintaining aviation security is largely dependent on implementing current systems and procedure. This is because, the airport is quite a large space and it is not easy for a few selected persons to control the entire space. As such they need to constantly communicate with one another from one point to the other. The best way to do so is via computers and updating the systems for everyone to see. This way in case of a security breach in one area, all relevant authorities is able to access this information through the system. Also, it is through these current systems that one can monitor all that goes on in the airport at one specific time thus be able to act fast in case of any emergencies. A scenario where current system procedures were not implemented was in Manchester whereby several passengers accessed an aircraft with no passport checks. This could be potentially dangerous for any airport as in case of any hijacking, bombing or theft they would not know the specific persons of interest. One of the importance of implementing the current systems and procedures to maintain airport security is because terrorists believe that the aviation industry is a legitimate target 2. It is crucial that as aviation threats evolve, also the screening

The Analysis on the success of Tesco Assignment

The Analysis on the success of Tesco - Assignment Example The success of an organization as argued by Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller (2005) is mainly through the deployment of the 7Ps of marketing. In this section a critical analysis on the Price, product, Promotion and Place elements of the 7Ps is presented as these are identified as the critical elements in reaching the customer. Frances Brassington and Stephen Pettit (2003) argue that although the marketing mix can be explained using the 7Ps, the four critical elements that form the marketing mix are the four identified above. The authors further argue that the Marketing Mix plays a vital role in the overall marketing communication strategy of an organization, as it is the marketing mix that provides input to the marketing communication. The TESCO Finest and TESCO Value of the own brand range of products sold by the organization along with the leading brands in the retail industry is a classical example for the organization's success in the target market through extensive range of products as argued by Sandrine Mac and Scott A. Neslin (2004). The fact that TESCO Plc presents a wide range of choice in every category of its products is the major element fuelling its success in the UK and global retail market. 1.1.2: Price: The company pioneers in selling its products at competitive prices mainly lower than its supermarket competitors in the UK as well as in its global locations as argued by Isla Gower (2004) who says that 'the low price strategy of the organization without compromising the quality of its products is the key for its success in the UK retail market as the market leader'. Furthermore, the increasing awareness among the customers that quality need not be compromised with low price (Oliver Hupp and Ken Powaga, 2004) is the driving force for the organization in its continuous low price strategy. 1.1.3: Promotion: Promotion as argued by Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller (2005) is 'the key for increasing the sales in the retail industry and retaining the customers in the target market'. The fact that TESCO Plc has established itself as a brand in the retail industry through pioneering in promotions like combination sales, event focused promotion of products and above all market focused promotion by its stores targeting the local markets is the major element for its growth in the UK retail market along with its pricing strategy. 1.1.4: Place: Place or the location for an organization in the retail sector is a critical element for its success as argued by Frances Brassington and Stephen Pettit (2003). This is naturally because of the need for local knowledge in the target market that serves for the promotion of its products and above all the choice of products presented in the shop floor (David Olson et al, 1982). The fact that the local knowledge is the key for increasing sales in the target demography as an organization can increase its sales only through the process of identifying the customer needs and understanding the behaviour of its target demography justifies that place or the location is a key element for the success of a retailer. The location of

Theories Of Language Acquisition

Theories Of Language Acquisition This essay will deal with three theories of language acquisition: the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory will include an explanation of the theory, a look at whether it is nativist or empirical, whether the evidence is more focused on competence or performance, the evidence supporting and criticising the theories and examples of how the theories apply to the areas of speech and language therapy will also be looked at. The concept of a language faculty was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1976 and suggested that humans have an innate knowledge of grammar which has two levels of linguistic processing; deep structure and surface structure. Level one incorporates phrase structure rules which are the basic relationships underlying all sentence organisation in all languages. Level two incorporates transformational rules that govern the rearrangement of the phrase structure rules based on a specific structure. He suggested that humans have a language acquisition device -replaced by Universal Grammar in his later work- that allows us to create symbols and organise communicative expressions. Harley (2008). He argues that it is acquired at a time when the childs intellectual capabilities are not yet developed and therefore cannot be dependent on cognition. Harley (2008) Recently Chomsky has revised some of his previous claims and his more recent approaches are the Minimalist Program and the Principles and Parameters theory. Chomsky refers to the idea of parameter setting to explain the acquisition of different languages, that exposure to a specific language is constrained by switches that are set off within a certain environment. Harley (2008). An example of a parameter setting is whether a language is pro-drop or not. If a child is exposed to a pro-drop language such as Italian or Spanish they automatically know that they are allowed to drop the pronoun, whereas an English language learner will have the parameter setting at non-pro-drop, and keep the pronoun. According to Chomsky, as cited in Harley (2008) the language faculty should involve a cognitive system that holds information, and a performance system that can use this information. Competence-which is a persons knowledge of language involving the rules of grammar-, is favoured over performance within linguistic theory. The focus of language learning in linguistic theory is on the child. Unlike in behaviourism, the environment does not shape or train verbal behaviour. Berko Gleason (2005). Nativists follow the idea that language is much too complex a process to learn and that it is learnt at such a fast rate, that it would be impossible for it not to be innate. Lennebergs critical period hypothesis states that language development occurs during a critical period of a childs life and that certain linguistic events must take place in order for it to progress. Harley (2008). However, evidence from second language acquisition research shows that this can be true for phonological and syntactic development, but research has shown that it is not a perfect test of the critical theory hypothesis overall, as second language learners will have already acquired a first language. Harley (2008). Supporting evidence cross-linguistically shows that regardless of the word order of a language, subject-object order is followed by children, which proves the existence of a language acquisition device universally. Berko Gleason (2005). If children are deprived of linguistic input during the critical period, studies have shown they are unable to acquire language normally, as is the case with Genie. Genie was a normal child who suffered extreme abuse in her home and spent most of her time tied up in isolation, so she was unexposed to speech from a young age. Because of this abuse, she was deprived physically and socially and her linguistic skills were undeveloped. When she was taken into care at almost 14 years of age, Genie was taught language but she never reached full fluency. She learned certain syntactic structures but her case proves that a limited amount of language can be learnt once the critical period has been passed. Harley (2008) Contrary evidence claims that just language alone is not sufficient to acquire language, that input is necessary and that the influence of environmental factors cannot be ignored. Pinkers (1984) poverty of stimulus idea offers that just because someone cannot imagine how a particular behaviour might have been learned, it does not mean it was not learned. Berko Gleason (2005) Chomsky does not focus on the link between syntax and semantics though he does refer to it in his book Syntactic structures with the quote colourless green ideas sleep furiously which shows an example of a syntactically correct sentence lacking meaning. In terms of how linguistic theory applies to the area of speech and language therapy, an explanation of aphasia and agrammatism is necessary. Aphasia is a language disorder that results from brain damage caused by disease, stroke or brain trauma. The main characteristics of one type of aphasia, Brocas, are; the speech being telegraphic, which means that articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns and morphological inflections are omitted. Agrammatism is a feature of BrocaÂÂ ´s aphasia and the various linguistic theories that deal with agrammatism are; trace deletion hypothesis, theta assigning principle, double dependency hypothesis and tree pruning hypothesis. Edwards (2005).One of these theories, the tree pruning hypothesis, is an example of how the syntax of a language can be affected. The impairment occurs on the highest nodes of the syntactic tree and in English, this means that Wh questions and yes/no questions are affected, although in other languag es, it can vary. The impairments are in word order, in embedded clauses and inflection for tense. Edwards (2005). While a syntactic explanation for language impairments in BrocaÂÂ ´s aphasia and agrammatism can show what needs to be worked on in therapy, the exact nature of the deficits are different depending on whether it is a production or comprehension deficit so the speech and language therapy case management plan would have to be modified depending on which one it is. In contrast to the linguistic emphasis on language use, the behavioural emphasis was mainly developed by the psychologist BF Skinner in his book Verbal Behaviour (1957).His basic premise is that children learn to talk because of imitation and reinforcement. Despite many variants of hypotheses concerning behaviourism, most theories consist of the idea that language is a subset of a behaviour which is learned through connections between a stimulus and a response. Owens (2008). They agree that there are some internal connections with language learning in the brain yet disagree with the idea of specific internal structures and suggest further research is necessary to understand the processes. Berko Gleason (2005) In comparison to linguistic theory where the focus is on competence, performance is highlighted more in behaviourism. Skinner (1957) described language as being something we do and that it is a learned behaviour like any other skill. Contrary to nativists, he claimed that syntactic forms were not important and defined language as verbal behaviour since a child is unable to create a rule and thus shaped by external stimuli (parents). The idea that language is a learnt behaviour opposes that of nativism. Skinner (1957) claimed that parental reinforcement allows a child to acquire language and that it is a process of imitation that a child must work at. In this model, children are seen as passive recipients of language training and it is suggested by Skinner that the child has no active role in acquisition. According to Whitehurst and Novak (1973) after a lot of trial-and-error modelling the adult role-models in the environment-by shaping and imitation training-reinforcement and punishment will improve childrens speech output. An example of this reinforcement is soothing or attending to the child when they produce correct speech sounds. It is said that with enough sound samples, the child will learn a word association pattern rather than rules of grammar. Owens (2008). What is suggested is that language behaviour is shaped by the environment and not governed by rules or maturation, unlike in Chomskys generativist a pproach. Supporting evidence for behaviourism include studies of both disordered and normal children. Since Skinners research, environmental input is considered an essential part of the acquisition of language, despite Chomskys conclusion that Skinners work was premature. Owens (2008). Lovaass (1977) advancement with behavioural modification of children with autism has shown that techniques such as shaping and reinforcement assist children with restricted speech abilities. It should be noted that despite this discovery, it is unclear how the acquisition process differs between normal and disordered children. In a 1968 study by Palermo and Eberhart, adults were shown to follow the same learning patterns as children, when they were taught an artificial language. Evidence against behaviourism shows that while lab studies on adults show positive results, they do not provide a full explanation on how children acquire language since they are not done in a childs environment. Adults also provide a poor model of imitation as their grammar is full of errors, dialects and slang. What this shows is that children do not copy parents because how could they select correct speech over erroneous speech? Additionally, research by Brown and Hanlon from 1970 shows that children are not punished or rewarded for using certain utterances and the main focus of correction or reward is more on the semantics than the syntax. What this shows is that in behaviourism, input is focused on excessively and is inadequate at explaining the full gamut of what is required to learn a language. Berko Gleason (2005) As previously mentioned, behaviourism has been useful in speech and language therapy in the area of autism. With the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), communication for children with autism can be vastly improved and act as an aid in devising strategies for solving issues and improving the standard of living for people. The interactionist approach puts forward the idea that a variety of factors influence the language development of a child, while using a mix of the linguistic and behavioural approaches. There are three different approaches concerning interactionism; Piagets cognitive theory, information processing and the social interactionist theory. Piagets interactive approach focuses on constructivism, which is the idea that linguistic structures are the emergent properties of language. His idea that childrens processes are essentially different to adults would also have an effect on language acquisition. The second approach sees cognition as being computational, deriving patterns from data while assuming the mind as a type of software and the brain as hardware. The third approach is one that will be focused on here and it concerns the social interactionist theory. According to Vygotsky (1962) cognitive and social factors can influence the development of language acquisition, which in turn can have a reciprocal influence on cognition and social abilities. Social interactionists believe that children influence their parents in their acquisition of language and that they and the language environment work together as a dynamic system. Berko Gleason (2005) In terms of competence and performance, interactionists need more performance input than what is suggested by generativists. Parents must provide the communication aids that children need in order to acquire language. According to Vygotsky (1962) language is only initially something used for young children to interact socially and is only developed over time to become something else. Interactionists also believe that maturation and cognition are an essential part of language acquisition and that until a child is at a certain level of cognition; they will be unable to acquire language. Similar to behaviourists, the environment is where interactionists believe language skills appear, but more emphasis is placed on social development than on Piagets cognitive development. Non-linguistic elements (turn-taking, mutual gaze and joint attention) are necessary for social development along with motherese, or child-directed speech (CDS) which is a specific way of speaking to children that differs to how adults communicate with one another. Bruner, as cited in Harley (2008) claims language development occurs within a language acquisition socialization system (LASS) which contains these innate non-linguistic elements. In positively evaluating this theory, those in favour, believe that CDS is an assisting factor in child language acquisition. This is confirmed by studies of fourteen different languages and proves that infants have preference over this kind of speech. In a study by De Casper and Fifer from 1980, infants are found to prefer their own Mothers CDS over another Mothers CDS. Berko Gleason (2005). In a study cited in Berko Gleason (2005), by Tomasello and Farrar from (1986), it appears that Mothers who focus on the object of their childs gaze have children who speak their first words earlier and also have larger vocabularies. Despite positive evidence from studies, detailed analysis on how development is influenced by social interactions is insufficient. As already mentioned, evidence suggests further testing is needed in the area of social interactionism. An explanation for the lack of detail is provided by Berko Gleason (2005) and suggests two of the issues with this theory are that it does not exist in all languages, and it has not been in existence for the same length of time as other theories, so may not have the counter evidence to compare it to. To date, studies have shown the difference of features between CDS and adult-like speech, yet the existence of these patterns does not prove the assistance in the acquisition of language for children. A suggestion is made by Baker and Nelson, cited in Berko Gleason (2005) that it is difficult to know whether language development is caused by parents lack of communication or childrens. Research of language delays in neglected children suggest that the childrens impairments may de-motivate parents with the result being neglectful parenting. An example where social interactionism can assist in the area of speech and language therapy is the previously mentioned example of Genie. Genies experience of neglect highlights the evidence that the correct environment is necessary for language learning, that a specific social context is required for normal language learning to occur. This knowledge can assist in the assessment and evaluation of a neglected child. Another example, such as the Hanen programme, is based on the social interactionist model where parents facilitate language learning in everyday situations, but as it requires a lot of parental input at home, it may be a difficult kind of intervention to apply in practice. To conclude the social interactionist analysis, this approach takes from both the linguistic theory in terms of children having an innate specialized language device and from the behaviourist theory; it values the influence of the environment on language acquisition. This essay looked at three theories of language acquisition: the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory included an explanation of the theory, discussed whether it took a nativist or empirical approach and whether the evidence was more focused on competence or performance. The evidence supporting and criticising the theories was included along with examples of how the theories applied to the areas of speech and language therapy.

Markets

These markets includes very tough competition; as rivalry in the Brewing industry is increasingly high. SABMILLER tend to own multiple brands with different market positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete directly on price and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the company's competition, SABMiller has and still is experiencing this problem; for example in North America; especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch; this has helped the dominant Brewer to enlarge a further space between themselves andSABMiller; which has affected the company's market share future plans deeply, SABMiller now has to come up with new innovative ideas to try and close the gap between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brewing market by value as rivalry is now more intense than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a price war with SABMiller. This has become a huge threat for SABMiller, but it do es also hold opportunities to weaken this threat down. For example the company has the opportunity to acquire more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the owner of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SAB's acquisition of Miller was largely due to the pressure from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk due to its over reliance of soft currencies in certain market. Even though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the takeover to please the stakeholders. SABMiller's South African Culture has shaped the strategic development of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct capability of entering emerging markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of learning based on the historical developments of the company. Markets These markets includes very tough competition; as rivalry in the Brewing industry is increasingly high. SABMILLER tend to own multiple brands with different market positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete directly on price and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the company's competition, SABMiller has and still is experiencing this problem; for example in North America; especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch; this has helped the dominant Brewer to enlarge a further space between themselves andSABMiller; which has affected the company's market share future plans deeply, SABMiller now has to come up with new innovative ideas to try and close the gap between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brewing market by value as rivalry is now more intense than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a price war with SABMiller. This has become a huge threat for SABMiller, but it do es also hold opportunities to weaken this threat down. For example the company has the opportunity to acquire more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the owner of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SAB's acquisition of Miller was largely due to the pressure from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk due to its over reliance of soft currencies in certain market. Even though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the takeover to please the stakeholders. SABMiller's South African Culture has shaped the strategic development of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct capability of entering emerging markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of learning based on the historical developments of the company.

Heres What I Know About Persuasive Essay Topics for Middle Schoolers

Here's What I Know About Persuasive Essay Topics for Middle Schoolers A persuasive speech resembles a difficult challenge for many students. The value of research in persuasive writing may not be overstated. Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Before you commence working on the paper, you must go through several topics to compose a persuasive essay on. Most issues can have essays on all the above mentioned questions. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you may really get behind. Possessing no notion of the persuasive essay topics, you just do not understand what to write about. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Teens ought to be able to pick their bedtime. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. They should talk to their children about drugs at a young age. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. Many people wind up covering the exact tired topics they see in the media every day, just because they can't produce a better idea. All individuals ought to be permitted to receive free high education. Not all folks are suicidal that manner. There are posi tive and negative folks. By reading a few papers, you can secure a great deal of new and intriguing ideas. After you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. So, the best method to compose an excellent persuasive essay is to locate a theme you're familiarized with and wish to share your experience with the reader. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. Figure out which of the topics, you presently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. Students should continue to keep their mobile in silence in order to not disturb the class. They should be allowed to pray in school. They always go online when they need to find something. They should be careful about posting on social media. Each time that you want to make sure your persuasive speech success, you ought to go far past the topic and words you have prepared. Working women should not receive any privileges. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that could create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. In such a situation, a student must select an ideal topic to write about. Evidently, you ought not purposely select a topic that will bore your audience. You also debate whether the topic is politically accurate. Still, you need to make your topic more specific. Still, figuring out the ideal topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student.

Toni Cade Bambara’s Black Female Champions Essay - 1998 Words

Toni Cade Bambara’s Black Female Champions It is well known from historical accounts, novels, poems, movies, and other sources that blacks have been abused, neglected, and mistreated in American society. In addition, a great deal has been written about the lives, hardships, and obstacles of black men. Black women, however, have long been relegated to subordinate societal roles in relation to white men and women and black men. Black women have been viewed as monsters and suffered distortions of their image. Toni Cade Bambara, in her writings, has helped to change the image of black women. Bambara presents a very descriptive picture of what life was like for blacks, particularly women, in the North and in the South. The world, in†¦show more content†¦Charlie’s bed (83). The following statistics illustrate Ms. Lincoln’s point. According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996, in 1983, 512,000 individuals were employed as cleaners and servants. Of that total, 95.8% were female. Black females comprised 42.4% of the total of all females working in those occupations (407). In the category of maids and housemen, in 1983, 531,000 individuals provided these services. Females made up 83.1% of the total. Black females comprised 32.3% of the total of all females working as maids (407). Toni Cade Bambara was very aware of the black environment and of black female experiences. In the foreword to the book Black Women Writers at Work, Tillie Olsen states that black women writers, such as Toni Cade Bambara, make us profoundly conscious of what harms, degrades, denies development, destroys; of how much is unrealized, unlived; instead of ‘oppressed victims,’ they tell of the ways of resistances, resiliences (x-xi). Bambara was born in New York City, raised by her mother, and educated at Queens College. She was a teacher, lecturer, and political activist (Bambara, Toni Cade). In an interview with Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Bambara talked about her life, her family, and the issues of the black race, women, and her writings (230-49). Bambara stated in the interview that she was not raised to